National Agriculture Development Co-operative Ltd.

Research

• Management and intensification of appropriate agro-forestry systems and MAPs.
• Under farm mechanization, various agricultural implements/tools like seed drills, improved hand and inter-culture tools, maize shellers and threshers are introduced in the villages to reduce drudgery and input costs.
• Power tillers are kept available for community use.
• Besides, different agricultural tools/implements are distributed to farmers on subsidized cost. • Up-gradation and management of natural resource base.
• Agro processing, value addition and improved marketing for enhancing profitability and employment opportunities.
• Feedback from the farmers with respect to problems in agriculture and related activities is encouraged and solutions given. • Vegetable production as intercrop in orchards.
• Seed production in paddy, wheat, and oats.
• Vegetable seedling production under protected condition has been taken.

Few Research Findings are given here as under:

Name Of The Crop	Critical Growth Stage
Rice	1. Seedling stage. 2. Maximum tillering stage. 3. Panicle initiation stage. 4. Anthesis/flowering stage. 5. Milky stage. 6. Dough stage.
Maize	1. Seedling stage. 2. Teaseling stage. 3. Silking stage. 4. Dough stage.
Wheat	1. Crown root initiation stage. 2. Tilering stage. 3. Jointing stage. 4. Boot leaf stage. 5. Flowering stage. 6. Milky and dough stage.
Barley	1. Tilering stage. 2. Flowering stage.
Sorghum	1. Seedling stage. 2. Pre-flowering stage. 3. Flowering stage. 4. Grain formation stage.
Mustard and Rape seed	1. Pre-flowering stage. 2. Pod filing stage.
Pulses	1. Early growth stage. 2. Post flowering or pod filling stage.
Sunflower	1. Batoning stage. 2. Grain filling stage.
Safflower	1. Branching stage. 2. Flower stage.
Tobacco	1. In order to get higher tobacco leaf yield it is recommended to maintain 50 to 60% moisture.
Sugarcane	1. In order to get higher yield it is recommended to maintain 50% and 60% moisture during winter and summer, respectively.
Cotton	1. Pre-flowering stage. 2. Flowering stage. 3. Fruit setting stage.

2. The available water holding capacity of different soil texture classes are different as evidenced by the below mentioned table:

S. No.	Soil Texture	Available Water Holding Capacity (g/cc)
1	Clay loam or clay	0.17 to 0.18
2	Silt loam	0.16
3	Sandy clay loam	0.15
4	Fine sandy loam	0.13
5	Sandy loam	0.10
6	Loam firm	0.08
7	Loamy sand	0.07
8	Fine sand	0.05
9	Coarse sand	0.04

3. The world’s worst weeds along with their ranking are presented below:

Weeds ranking	Common name (Botanical name)	Occurrence
Weeds ranking	Common name (Botanical name)	No. of crops	No. of countries
1^st	Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus)	52	92
2^nd	Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon)	40	80
3^rd	Barnyard grass (Echnichloa colonum)	36	61
4^th	Jungle rice (Echinochloa crusgalli)	35	60
5^th	Goose grass (Eleusine indica)	46	60
6^th	Jhonson grass (Sorghum halpense)	30	53
7^th	(Imperate cylindica)	35	73
8^th	Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes)	_	_
9^th	Kulfa (Portulaca oleracea)	45	81
10^th	Fat hen (Chenopodium album)	40	47
11^th	Large crab grass (Digitaria sauguinalis)	33	56
12^th	Field bind weed (Convolvulus arvenisis)	32	44

4. The critical period of weed competition for different crops is given below:

Name of the crop	Critical period (days after sowing)
Name of the crop	From	To
Transplanted rice	15	45
Soybean	15	45
Sorghum	15	45
Finger millet	25	45
Black-gram	30	45
Maize	15	35
Upland rice	Entire period

The different weed control methods may be broadly classified in the below mentioned tabular form:

Methods of Weed Control
Mechanical methods	Cropping methods	Biological methods	Chemical methods
1. Hoeing	1. Crop rotation	1. Parasites	1. Selective herbicides
2. Handpulling	2. Kind of crop	2. Predators	(a) Foliage application
3. Tillage	3. Use of fertilizers	3. Pathogens	(i) Contact
4. Moving	4. Date of sowing		(ii) Translocated
5. Burning	5. Seed/planting rate		(b) Soil application
6. Flooding			2. Non-selective herbicides
7. Mulching			(a) Foliage application
			(i) Contact
			(ii) Translocated
			(b) Soil application

Organic herbicides can be divided into 16 groups. These are given as under:

S. No.	Group	Herbicides
1	Amides	Alachlor, Butachlor, Diphenamid, Metolachlor, Propanil, Propachlor.
2	Aliphatics	Dalapon, Glyphosate, Methyl bromide, TCA.
3	Benjoics	Chloramben, Dicamba, Tricamba, 2, 3, 6-TBA.
4	Bipyridiliums	Diquat, Paraquat.
5	Carbamates	Asulan, Barban, Chlorpropham, Dichlormate, Propham.
6	Thiocarbamates	Butylate, Cycloate, Diallate, EPTC, Molinate, Pebulate, Thioencarb or Benthiocarb, Triallate, Vernolate.
7	Dithiocabamates	CDEC, Metham.
8	Nitriles	Bromoxynil, Dichlobenil, Ioxyynil.
9	Dinitroanilines	Fluchloralin, Pendimethalin, Nitralin, Oryzalin, Trifluralin
10	Phenols	Dinoseb, DNOC, PCP.
11	Phenoxys	2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T, 2, 4-DB, 2, 4-DEP, Diclofop, Dichlorprop (2, 4-DP), MCPA, MCPB, Mecoprop (MCPP).
12	Triazines	Atrazine, Ametryn, Cyprazine, Cyanazine, Metribuzin, Propazine, Simazine, Terbutryn.
13	Ureas	Diuwn, Isoproturon, Linuron, Methahenzthiazuron, Metoxuron, Monuron, Siduron.
14	Uracils	Bromacil, Isocil, Lenacil, Terhacil.
15	Diphenyl ethers	Nitrofen, Oxyfluorfen.
16	Others	Bentozon or Oxadiazon, Endothall, Picloram, Pyrazon.

The harvest maturity symptoms of some important crops are tabulated below:

Crop	Harvest-maturity symptoms
Rice	Hard and yellow coloured grains.
Wheat	Yellowing of spikelets.
Sorghum	Hard grain and yellow coloured ears.
Pearl millet	Compact ears, on pressing hard seeds come out.
Finger millet	Brown coloured ears with hard grains.
Foxtail millet	Compact ears, on pressing hard seeds come out.
Groundnut	Pods turn dark from light colour. Dark coloured patches inside the shell. Kernels red to pink. On pressing the kernels, oil is observed on fingers.
Pulses	Brown coloured pods with hard seeds inside pods.
Tobacco	Leaves slightly yellow in colour, specks appear on the leaves.
Sugarcane	Leaves may tern yellow, sucrose content more than 10% and brix reading more than 18%.

5. The different weed control methods may be broadly classified in the below mentioned tabular form:

Mechanical methods	Cropping methods	Biological methods	Chemical methods
1. Hoeing	1. Crop rotation	1. Parasites	1. Selective herbicides
2. Handpulling	2. Kind of crop	2. Predators	(a) Foliage application
3. Tillage	3. Use of fertilizers	3. Pathogens	(i) Contact
4. Moving	4. Date of sowing		(ii) Translocated
5. Burning	5. Seed/planting rate		(b) Soil application
6. Flooding			2. Non-selective herbicides
7. Mulching			(a) Foliage application
			(i) Contact
			(ii) Translocated
			(b) Soil application

6. Organic herbicides can be divided into 16 groups. These are given as under:

S. No.	Group	Herbicides
1	Amides	Alachlor, Butachlor, Diphenamid, Metolachlor, Propanil, Propachlor.
2	Aliphatics	Dalapon, Glyphosate, Methyl bromide, TCA.
3	Benjoics	Chloramben, Dicamba, Tricamba, 2, 3, 6-TBA.
4	Bipyridiliums	Diquat, Paraquat.
5	Carbamates	Asulan, Barban, Chlorpropham, Dichlormate, Propham.
6	Thiocarbamates	Butylate, Cycloate, Diallate, EPTC, Molinate, Pebulate, Thioencarb or Benthiocarb, Triallate, Vernolate.
7	Dithiocabamates	CDEC, Metham.
8	Nitriles	Bromoxynil, Dichlobenil, Ioxyynil.
9	Dinitroanilines	Fluchloralin, Pendimethalin, Nitralin, Oryzalin, Trifluralin
10	Phenols	Dinoseb, DNOC, PCP.
11	Phenoxys	2, 4-D, 2, 4, 5-T, 2, 4-DB, 2, 4-DEP, Diclofop, Dichlorprop (2, 4-DP), MCPA, MCPB, Mecoprop (MCPP).
12	Triazines	Atrazine, Ametryn, Cyprazine, Cyanazine, Metribuzin, Propazine, Simazine, Terbutryn.
13	Ureas	Diuwn, Isoproturon, Linuron, Methahenzthiazuron, Metoxuron, Monuron, Siduron.
14	Uracils	Bromacil, Isocil, Lenacil, Terhacil.
15	Diphenyl ethers	Nitrofen, Oxyfluorfen.
16	Others	Bentozon or Oxadiazon, Endothall, Picloram, Pyrazon.

7. The criteria for harvesting of crops are given in the below mentioned table:

Crop

Criteria for harvesting

Rice

i. 32 days after flowering.

ii. Moisture content of grains less than 20%

iii. At least 5 hills are to be studied at maturity.

iv. Percentage of milky grains less than 1%.

v. Green grains not more than 4 to 9%.

vi. &nbs

Agriculture Research

Research

Few Research Findings are given here as under:

Under Ministry of Cooperatives

(Established Under Self Reliant Co-operative Act, 1999)

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